Geoeconomics of Solar Energy An Inquiry into Trade Policy and Cooperation

Abstract : The rapid global transition towards solar energy is not only an environmental imperative but also a geoeconomic reshaping of global power structures, trade policy, and international cooperation. This paper investigates how solar energy—especially photovoltaics (PV)—has evolved into a strategic domain where nations leverage policy, trade instruments, and alliances to advance national interests and global influence. With China controlling over 80% of the global solar manufacturing capacity and the United States, India, and the European Union employing varied tariff regimes and subsidy models, the solar trade has become a battleground of protectionism and innovation. This research uses a mixed-method approach, policy analysis, SWOT evaluation, and scenario modelling to assess the global solar landscape, focusing particularly on emerging economies. The paper evaluates the divergent trade and subsidy strategies among the top ten solar economies and the effectiveness of multilateral frameworks like the International Solar Alliance (ISA), IRENA, and the Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM). It also analyses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) faced by emerging nations in their solar transitions, including financial constraints, grid limitations, and geopolitical trade-offs. Scenario analysis reveals that cooperative globalisation enables the fastest and most equitable solar deployment, while protectionist fragmentation slows progress and increases costs. The study concludes with strategic policy recommendations for emerging economies, emphasising finance de-risking, regional cooperation, and technology diversification. Ultimately, the solar transition is not merely about energy; it is about sovereignty, industrial transformation, and reordering global economic relations.